Claudio Palma Mancilla He recently graduated from the CIESAS Occidente Doctoral Program in Social Sciences, specializing in Social Anthropology. Her thesis research addresses the history of the Huilliche (indigenous society of southern Chile) and the pre-eminence of the indigenous cultural matrix, the az mapu, as the foundation of their agency capacity to defend the harassed territory since the end of the century. xix. He has a degree in History from the Department of Historical Sciences of the University of Chile, and a teacher in Continental Regional History from the Faculty of History of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. It has been dedicated to the study of the Mapuche society of southern Chile and Argentina during the century xix and xx, mainly in its inter-ethnic spheres with Chilean society.